Halitosis de origen periodontal: revisión / Halitosis of periodontal origin. A review

El mal aliento, mal olor de boca o halitosis, son términos que se utilizan para describir un olor ofensivo que emana de la cavidad oral, independientemente de que las sustancias de olor desagradable provengan de fuentes orales o no orales. La mayoría de las halitosis se originan en el interior de la boca. Se han atribuido principalmente a compuestos volátiles sulfurados (CVSs) tales como sulfídrico, metil mercaptano y dimetil sulfuro. La causa primaria es la existencia de bacterias gramnegativas, que son similares a las que causan las enfermedades periodontales. Estas bacterias producen CVSs a partir del metabolismo de distintas células epiteliales, leucocitos etc, localizadas en la saliva y en la placa dental principalmente. La superficie lingual está cubierta de una gran cantidad de células epiteliales descamadas y bacterias, que pueden, a traves de su actividad proteolítica y capacidad de putrefación, producir CVSs. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión es: 1°) analizar la importancia de la halitosis oral en el contexto actual, 2°) estudiar los datos sobre su etiología y 3°) valorar la evidencia de la asociación entre las enfermedades periodontales y la halitosis de origen oral (AU)

Bad breath, oral malodour and halitosis they are terms used describe unpleasant odour out from the oral cavity, independently from the source where the odorous can be oral no oral. The majority of bad breath originates within the mouth. They have been attributed mainly attributed to volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) such as hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide. The primary cause are bacteria gram-negative bacteria that are similar to the causing periodontal diseases. These bacterias produce the VSC by metabolizing epithelial cells, leukocytes, etc., mainly located in saliva, dental plaque. Tongue surface is composed of desquamated epithelial cells and bacterias, suggestig that it has the proteolytic and putrefactive capacity to produce VSC. The aim of this review article: (1) to analyze the evidence the importance of the bad breath in the current context, (2) to study the data your etiology and (3) to value the association between the periodontal diseases and the halitosis of oral origin (AU)

¿Existe relación entre enfermedad cardiovascular Y periodontitis? / Are there relation between cardiovascular disease and periodontitis?

La hipótesis infecciosa de la aterosclerosis ha permitido un rápido avance en el conocimiento sobre los mecanismos patogénicos de la enfermedad coronaria. Más aun, el concepto de la enfermedad coronaria como una enfermedad inflamatoria ha abierto nuevos caminos para la investigación en el campo de la cardiopatía isquémica. Estudios recientes han sugerido que el empleo de marcadores de inflamación ayudaría en la identificación de pacientes con alto riesgo de padecer eventos cardiovasculares. También los estudios epidemiológicos han implicado a la periodontitis como un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de la enfermedad cardiovascular. La enfermedad periodontal proporciona una fuente de bacterias o de sus productos, y citoquinas de respuesta hiperinflamatoria del huésped por largos periodos de tiempo. Dada la cronicidad de la enfermedad cardiovascular y de la enfermedad periodontal probablemente comparten algunos caminos de común etiología (AU)

The infectious theory to explain atherosclerosis has allowed researchers to advance quickly on the knowledge about pathogenia of cardiovascular disease. Even more, the concept of coronary disease as an inflammatory disease has developed new pathways for investigating the ischaemic cardiac. Recent investigations suggest that the use of inflammatory markers may help for early detecting patients who present high risk of cardiovascular strokes appearance. Also, epidemiological essays have revealed that periodontitis is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease to develop. Periodontitis is a source of bacterias or their wastes, and provoke a hyperinflammatory response on the hostage, liberating cytokines for long periods. Due to chronicity of both cardiovascular and periodontal disease, they may have some similar ethilogycal ways (AU)

[Stomatitis from dentures: etiopathological and therapeutic considerations]. / La estomatitis por prótesis dental: consideraciones etiopatogénicas y terapéuticas.

Infection of the oral mucous membrane is frequent in patients with removable prostheses, either totally of partially, and particularly when the prostheses is palatal. The principal etiological factor causing the infection is accepted to be "Candidas" aided by the presence of plaque bacteria (in patients with poor oral hygiene care), and a poor fit of the prostheses to the soft tissues. Treatment of the infection must proceed in the following order: a) use of effective medication against oral fungus such as Nystatin or Ketoconazole. b) Meticulous oral hygiene care in the mucous membrane as well as in the prostheses, but using the prostheses as little as possible during the treatment period. c) A total cure of the infection (denture stomatitis) before proceeding to the next phase of the treatment. d) Determination of the adjustment and occlusion of the prostheses in order to determine those areas of the prostheses which need to be refilled because of maladjustment of the prostheses to the soft tissues of the patient.

[Clinical and clinico-histological markers in chronic destructive adult periodontitis]. / Estudio de marcadores clínicos y clínico-histológico en la periodontitis crónica destructiva del adulto.

This study was designed to evaluate the significance and interrelationship of clinical parameters and their association with histologic changes in advanced destructive periodontitis. 158 patients with PDI greater than 4 (Ramfjord) were selected, evaluating the size, contouring, bleeding, consistency, colour and gingival pain. Epithelial ulceration of soft periodontal pockets were also evaluated. The results showed a statistically significant association between purplish colour and gingival fibrosis and advanced stage of the disease. Gingival bleeding on probing was the most important clinical parameter in advanced phases of the disease, either alone or in association with other parameters such as the presence of epithelial ulcerations. The Periodontal Disease Index (Ramfjord) has proven effective in the evaluation of generalized patterns of disease.

[Gingival hyperplasia in renal transplants treated with cyclosporin]. / Agrandamiento gingival en trasplantados renales tratados con ciclosporinas.

Cyclosporine is a Metabolita produced by the Topocladium inflamatum fungus. This substance produces an immunosuppression of the selective type, which has been responsible for the increased use of this drug for immunological caused pathologies, especially in organ transplants to inhibit body rejection. One of its secondary characteristics or effects is gingival hyperplasia (in 30 por 100 of the cases noted) an effect which generally occurs on the level or in the area of the dental papilla. An anatomopathological study of these tissues shows an increase in collagens along with a large infiltration of plasmatic cells in different states of maturity. In this article, two cases of renal transplants using cyclosporine were monitored to evaluate its effect in any on the gingival tissues.

[New prophylactic guidelines for infectious endocarditis in patients with early periodontal disease]. / Nueva pauta profiláctica de la endocarditis infecciosa en pacientes con afectación periodontal temprana.

It is necessary to add to the antibiotic prophylaxis suggestions of the infectious endocarditis facing odontologic treatment that, in the patient to treat, clinic forms of JPL and RPP are rejected because of their proved relation with the Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and because this last one is resistant to the recommended prophylaxis methods.